“IMAGINING OTHER…”
Protecting the Planet:
Updates 2018. (Notes on various *topics....)
Links:
Protecting the Planet -
Introduction
*Topics in alphabetical order:
#activists (including legal actions)
Biomass: see ‘trees’
#climate change and carbon emissions see also global warming
#Deepwater
Horizon(oil spill)
#Environmental
Performance Indicators (link)
#NETs (Negative Emissions Technologies)
#population (Paul Ehrlich)
20th
March 2018, Damian Carrington: Action by 12 UK citizens reaches the high court
today, and tomorrow in San Francisco the science of climate change will
effectively be on trial. The UK group is called Plan B, and has the support of
Prof Sir David King, the government’s former chief scientific advisor. In the
US, the cities of San Francisco and Oakland are suing big oil companies for
damages. There will be a day-long hearing on the science. Other cases have been
brought due to rising seas, and more than 1,000 suits are logged by the Sabin
Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia Law School, NY. Others are seeking to
block oil drilling in the Arctic. In Colombia, 25 young plaintiffs are taking
to the courts to halt deforestation.
In 2015 in
the Netherlands, the court ruled the Dutch state must increase its cuts to
reduce emissions (the Urgenda case). In Pakistan a farmer won a judgement
against the ‘lethargy’ of the state. In Peru a German energy company RWE is
being sued over the melting of glaciers.
6th
March 2018, Arthur Neslen – officials from 24 Latin American and Caribbean
countries have signed legally binding pacts with measures to protect land
defenders. Two years ago Berta Caceres was killed in Honduras. Last year almost
200 nature protectors were killed across the world, 60% of them in Latin
America.
Most cases
are in the US, including the Juliana case, filed by 21 teenagers in Oregon (Our
Children’s Trust).
The argument
is that these companies (like the tobacco companies in the past) knowingly sold
products that cause damage. Like the tobacco companies, oil companies have
tried to obfuscate and blur the issues.
25th
June 2018. Catherine Bloomfield, who writes on farming and keeps cattle on a
grassland farm in Devon, argues Brexit is an opportunity to have a national
debate about farming. ‘For 40 years Britain has been subject to [the common
agricultural policy]’s perversities, inefficiencies and unintended
consequences... creating a generally dysfunctional relationship between farmers
and the public.’
She mentions
the 25 year environment plan, launched earlier this year, and its bold ambition
‘to leave the environment for the next generation in a better state than we
found it.’ But will Gove actually do anything about this? How to keep feeding a
growing population should not be left to Defra – it’s beyond farming, and there
is a battle between NFU and ‘environmental zealots’ who indulge in ‘mutual
myopia’!! But they need to work together. The premise of farming, she says, is
to deliver health. The Defra consultation paper talkss about farming and the
natural environment but not about health... Farming also has to speak less to
itself and more widely with society. Problems also include declining soil
fertility, over-consumption of food water and energy.
26th
March 2018, Michael McCarthy: a quite optimistic assessment, that if we leave
the EU’s agricultural policies we will have a lot of money to spend on ensuring
our agriculture is sound for the environment. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/26/wildlife-modern-farming-insects-birds
17th
Feb 2018 (Tom Levitt): Dutch cows are producing so much waste the authorities
don’t have space to store it! The Netherlands is the fifth-largest exporter of
dairy. It has 1.8 million cows and there are legal restrictions on where the
manure can be deposited. Farmers are dumping it illegally, the country is
breaking EU regulations on phosphates, and the high levels of ammonia are
affecting air quality. WWF is calling for a 40% reduction in cow numbers over
the next decade. Its Netherlands head says they have the lowest biodiversity in
Europe after Malta, with only 15% of their original biodiversity left. 80% of
farms produce more dung than they can legally use on their farms – the Dutch
are already allowed to spread more manure on the land than the rest of the EU.
Some political parties support restrictions on the number of cows.
8th
Feb 2018, Fiona Harvey: level of antibiotic use on US farms is five times as
much as in UK, and nine times in the case of beef cattle, according to Alliance
to Save our Antibiotics. It is three times higher in chicken, twice in pigs and
five times in turkeys. Europe has banned the import of beef from America,
largely owing to growth hormone use. This issue obviously affects Brexit! The
fear is of superbugs developing through the growth of resistance. Nearly three
quarters of the total use of antibiotics worldwide is thought to be on animals.
18th
Sep 2018, Matthew Taylor: Q Mary Uni has found children are absorbing soot
particles – black carbon – during the school day = more than 60% of the air
pollution they take in each day. On the way to school and in classrooms and
playgrounds. In one school in Holborn levels in the classroom were over three
times above WHO limit for pm10 Swedish firm Blueair can provide air filters
that reduce levels by 96%.
July 13th
2018. ‘Park and stride!’ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/uk-schools-move-to-ban-the-school-run-to-protect-pupils-from-air-pollution
14th
May 2018. Manchester has a very bad problem of poor air quality. It costs the
regional economy £1bn every year, and is reducing life expectancy in the region
by an average of six months, according to an IPPR North report. Manchester
doesn’t have the powers the mayor of London has to enforce clean air zones etc.
Emergency admissions to hospital for asthma in Central Manchester are the
highest in England, and more than double the national average. North Manchester
is second highest. The bus fleet is one of the most polluting in the UK (only
15 electric buses, while more than 500 in London).
28th
Feb: German courts have agreed cities can ban diesels. 13,000 people are
estimated to die from NOx each year. EU threshold is 40 mcg/m3 – it’s often 70
in some cities. There is some opposition, and no-one expects widespread banning
just yet, as so many cars are affected. 15th Feb (Philip Oltermann
and agencies): the government is considering temporarily scrapping fares for
public transport in some cities. Berlin is struggling to meet EU targets and to
avoid fines. Cities say they would need federal funds to make up for the
losses. The proposal will be tried in five cities by the end of the year. Green
Party politician Anton Hofreiter says the idea is vague and the government
should concentrate on pressurising the car industry to free technical upgrades
on some diesel cars.
UK taken to
court: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/23/renewed-calls-for-uk-to-tackle-toxic-air-ahead-of-high-court-hearing - and found for the third time to be
breaking legal requirements! Clean air in the UK will now be overseen by the
courts rather than ministers, in what was described as a ‘wholly exceptional ruling.’
27th Feb,
Matthew Taylor – ClientEarth has found that 60% of parents want traffic
diverted away from schools at the beginning and the end of the day. 63% oppose
new schools being built where pollution is high, 60% are worried about the
effects of air pollution on children, and 70% in favour of the government
alerting schools on high pollution days. British Lung Foundation declares the
situation ‘simply unacceptable’. The two organisations are launching Clean Air
Parents’ Network to work together on this.
16th
Feb, Ian Sample – scientists say that household cleaners, paints and perfumes
have become substantial sources of urban air pollution, especially now that
traffic pollution is being reduced. These are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
which react in the air to form ozone or PM2.5. Ground level ozone is harmful to
health, affecting breathing. ‘Between one quarter and a third of all particles
are made up of organic compounds that originate as VOCs’. (A. Lewis, Prof of
chemistry Uni of York). The problem is that many of these substances are not
controlled.
14th
June 2018. (Matthew Taylor) Ice is melting at a record-breaking rate, faster
than at any previously recorded time, according to a study in Nature, and
another study warns it could contribute to sea-level rises of 25cm globally,
which on top of other factors would lead to more than a metre rise by 2070. If
the entire west Antarctic ice sheet melts, this would bring around 3.5m of
sea-level rise. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jun/13/antarctic-ice-melting-faster-than-ever-studies-show
The Nature
article shows that before 2012 the loss was 76bn tonnes a year – now it is
219bn (contributing 0.6mm sea-level rise per year).
The second
study looks at different scenarios, and argues there are some changes that can
be prevented.
28th
March, Matthew Taylor: Holland and Barrett has agreed to remove krill-based
products such as Omega 3 from its shelves, after activists sent 40,000 emails
in 24 hours and put protest stickers on products in its shops. Campaigners are
calling for Boots and others to follow suit. Boots say that their brands are in
line with Marine Stewardship Council products from sustainable sources. Last week Greenpeace campaigners boarded a
Ukrainian trawler. (See Facebook https://www.facebook.com/greenpeaceaustraliapacific/videos/10155831450743300/?utm_term=EML2&bucket=Oceans-Antarctic&source=ca_Oceans-Antarctic__
15th
Feb 2018, Matthew Taylor – climate change and industrial fishing together are
threatening the krill population. George Watters, lead scientist for the US
delegation to the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (CCAMLR) warns that the penguin population could drop by almost a
third by the end of the century because of changes in the krill biomass.
(Published in Plos One). Some areas of krill could decrease by 40% in size.
Ocean warming is the main problem, but fishing also affects it. Krill feed on
algae and are a food source for whales, penguins and seals – they also remove
CO2 from the atmosphere when they eat near the surface, and then excrete at
lower levels. Krill populations have declined by 80% since the 1970s. Krill is
fished for health products, and the industry is growing by 12% a year.
There is a campaign
to turn 700,000 sq miles into a sanctuary, protecting wildlife and banning all
fishing, in the Weddell Sea. Krill fishing companies say they are only taking
0.4% of the estimated biomass around the peninsula.
Arctic: 2nd Feb 2018, Oliver
Milman - polar bears are sliding towards extinction faster than previously
feared. Research by US Geological Survey and Uni of California Santa Cruz,
published in Science, shows polar bears have a 50% higher metabolism than
previously thought, and so require more prey to meet their energy needs at a
time when sea ice is receding. There are some 26,000 polar bears in the arctic
today. They are leading a feast and famine lifestyle. The arctic is warming at
twice the average global rate, and has declined by about 13% a decade since
1979. In the past 10 years Greenland has lost two trillion tonnes of its ice
mass.
2nd
July 2018. Steven Morris. The high brown fritillary, the UK’s most endangered
butterfly, may be getting a boost from the warm dry weather. Over 200 have been
seen, after a harsh winter which has helped knock back the bracken, then a warm
May and June – all of which is ideal for the caterpillars. The butterfly lays
eggs singly on leaf litter on dog violets or among moss growing on limestone outcrops.
The larvae hatch in early spring and bask on dead bracken or in short sparse
vegetation. It is only found at about 50 sites, such as Exmoor, Dartmoor and
Morecambe Bay. The larvae have feathered brown spines which make them look like
dead bracken fronds.
The things
that have worked against the butterfly include the abandonment of coppicing.
Other species which may benefit: heath fritillary, nightjar, Dartford warbler.
But the
swallowtail could become extinct soon...
30th
June 2018. Patrick Barkham.
The
swallowtail, Britain’s biggest butterfly, could become extinct within four
decades. It lives on milk parsley only, and this cannot survive in salty water.
Rising seas will turn much of the Norfolk Broads into salt marshes. With a sea
level rise of 50cm, at least 90% of the current swallowtail breeding sites will
become salt marsh. Tidal surges and ‘salination events’ also cause problems.
The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads contain 1,500 species of conservation concern,
including 66 that rely on the rivers and freshwater lakes.
In Victorian
times, marshes elsewhere in southern England were drained, leaving the Broads
as its only home. It has also become smaller and is now a subspecies.
It was
reintroduced to Wicken Fen in Cambridgeshire in the 1990s, but without success.
Experts believe it needs a wider area.
14th
June 2018. Some possibly good news: one new species of micro moth is found
every year in the UK. However, their abundance is in decline. There will be a
three-day ‘moth night’ – from 14th to 16th June -
organised by Butterfly Conservation, the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, and
Atropos( wildlife publisher). Some new moths arrived from Australia and New
Zeeland, via the horticultural trade. Others come here as a result of climate
change. 27 of the new arrivals (out of 125 new species spotted this century)
have started to breed here. (Patrick Barkham, Guardian)
11th
April 2018. UK Butterfly Monitoring scheme reports that 2017 was the 7th
worst year, and for 2 species – grayling and grizzled skipper - the worst ever.
(Patrick Barkham) Long-term falls in population are due to habitat loss, but
recently climate change, pesticides (such as neonics) and nitrogen pollution
have been the causes. UK has 59 native species. Red admiral and comma have
increased, and targeted management plus warm spring has helped the
pearl-bordered fritillary. Food crops of the worst affected are harmed by
increased nitrogen (transport and fertilizers) which helps more vigorous
grasses to grow at expense of their food plants.
12th April 2018. Risk
Assessment by FoE:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/12/green-brexit-unlikely-despite-government-claims-report-concludes Main risk is a gap between policy
statements and concrete regulations. A ‘non-regression clause’ which means that
post-Brexit rules would not be weaker is asked for, along with a body to
oversee environmental standards.
4th April 2018 Michael Jacobs, author of Rethinking
Capitalism: Economics and Policy for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth – short
piece 4th April warning of dangers if we do not replace existing EU
legislation on the environment with something at least as good and preferably
stronger. He suggests a new sustainable economy act, with a legal requirement
on government to set environmental limits and to produce economic plans to achieve
them. These should include: air pollution, soil degradation, resource
depletion, plastics pollution and biodiversity loss. Each would need a
long-term goal and shorter term targets and plans. These should be based on the
advice of an independent expert sustainable economy commission, modelled on the
climate change committee.
The Climate
Change Act, he says, does impose limits etc, and in effect puts the UK under a
sustainability constraint. Every five years the government must adopt a legally
binding carbon target, and these must be set fifteen years ahead, and be on the
trajectory to the goal of an 80% reduction by 2050 (relative to 1990 levels).
James Tapper, Observer 21st
Jan 2018 quotes a
coalition of green groups saying there is a significant risk that our
environmental protections will be reduced after Bexit. Greener UK represents 13
groups including WWF, National Trust, RSPB, FoE, Green Alliance and the
Wildlife Trusts. Chair Shaun Spiers says there is a lack of willpower to ensure
high standards across the UK when we lose the common frameworks currently
provided by the EU. MEP Julie Girling (who had the whip withdrawn when she
supported an EU resolution saying the UK had not made sufficient progress in
the talks) said the UK was no longer working effectively with the EU on
environmental issues.
Observer, 15th
April 2018, review by Alex Preston of Britain: Our Place: can we save Britain’s
wildlife before it is too late? By Mark Cocker. Argues that despite the British
love of the countryside etc, we are destroying our wildlife: quoting the 2013
State of Nature report (by 25 British environmental organisations), of the
3,148 species studied, 60% had declined in the last 50 years; 31% had declined
badly and 600 were threatened with extinction. We lost 44m birds between 1996
and 2008. We have lost 99% of our wildflower meadows, half of our ancient
woodland, three-quarters of our heathland, three-quarters of our ponds. Yet
there are 5m members of the National Trust, 1.2m in the RSPB, 800,000 in
various wildlife trusts. These organisations are afraid to campaign (and the NT
placates the landed aristocracy). The villains of the story are industrial
agri-business, moneyed landowners, and the politicians who defend their
interest (mostly conservative of course). Monocultures and grouse moors are
destroying the natural countryside.
18th
Sep 2018. Adam Vaughan coal-fired power stations are being used more now that
gas prices have risen. In Sep. Coal-burning increased by15% = 1,000 extra tonnes of CO2 per hour.
If the trend continues the sector’s emissions will rise by 1.2m tonnes this
year – report by Imperial College London. We need a 80% cut by 2050 to meet
target set by Committee on Climate Change. Coal could account for 10.5% of
electricity generation this winter, up from 10% last year. In 1990 energy
sector produced 200m tonnes. Now roughly 75m? [Diagram in article]
17th
July, John Harris on the amount of electricity needed to run the giant
computers for Facebook, Google, Apple and Amazon et al. At least the first
three have agreed to go carbon-neutral. But Amazon uses massive amounts of
energy, as does Bitcoin... https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/17/internet-climate-carbon-footprint-data-centres Most of these computers use
electricity from non-renewables sources, and already the carbon footprint is
bigger than that of air transport.
14th
June 2018. BP chief says (in BP’s annual review of world energy) that the world
is struggling to meet Paris agreement goals. There is a renewed increase in
global emissions – by 1.6% in 2017, after flat-lining for the previous three
years. Renewable power generation grew by 17% last year, led by wind and then
solar. But strong economic growth in China increased the use of coal. The main
worry for Spencer Dale, chief economist, is the lack of progress in the power
sector. Changing the type of car engine
doesn’t make as much difference as changes would in power generation. The world
demand for oil grew by 1.8% last year. (Adam Vaughan).
12th
April 2018. Changes to the Gulf Stream are more dramatic than first thought:
‘The new research shows the current is now 15% weaker than around 400AD, an exceptionally large deviation, and that human-caused global warming is responsible for at least a significant part of the weakening.
The current, known as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (Amoc), carries warm water northwards towards the north pole. There it cools, becomes denser and sinks, and then flows back southwards. But global warming hampers the cooling of the water, while melting ice in the Arctic, particularly from Greenland, floods the area with less dense freshwater, weakening the Amoc current.
Two studies have been carried out, [both published in Nature – see links in original article] and ‘both studies found that Amoc today is about 15% weaker than 1,600 years ago, but there were also differences in their conclusions. The first study found significant Amoc weakening after the end of the little ice age in about 1850, the result of natural climate variability, with further weakening caused later by global warming.
The second study suggests most of the weakening came later, and can be squarely blamed on the burning of fossil fuels. Further research is now being undertaken to understand the reasons for the differences.
However, it is already clear that human-caused climate change
will continue to slow Amoc, with potentially severe consequences. “If we do not
rapidly stop global warming, we must expect a further long-term slowdown of the
Atlantic overturning,” said Alexander Robinson, at the University of Madrid,
and one of the team that conducted the second study. He warned: “We are only
beginning to understand the consequences of this unprecedented process – but
they might be disruptive.”
A 2004 disaster movie, The Day
After Tomorrow, envisaged a rapid shutdown of Amoc and a devastating freeze.
The basics of the science were portrayed correctly, said Thornalley: “Obviously
it was exaggerated – the changes happened in a few days or weeks and were much
more extreme. But it is true that in the past this weakening of Amoc happened
very rapidly and caused big changes.”’
27th
Jan 2018, New Scientist, Michael Le Page – scientists do not agree how much
warming will result from a given increase in CO2, known as the equilibrium
climate sensitivity (equilibrium because there is a time-lag before the
temperature settles). The consensus is that if we double the amount, the rise
would be between 1.5 and 4.5C. But Peter Cox has narrowed this down to between
2.2 and 3.4 (Nature, doi.org/gcsmn4). Other studies put it higher (e.g. between
3 and 4.2C). There is agreement that the low values are unlikely, but the
higher values may be wrong since it takes thousands of years for temperatures
to stabilise. In the long run the true figure could be 6C or more. If we
continue to emit CO2 at current levels, it is agreed the world will heat by 4C
by 2100 – this is a projection of the actual warming, not a measure of
sensitivity
17th
Jan 2018: Damian Carrington – UK will miss its Carbon targets if no detail is
added to the government’s ‘vague’ plans, according to the Committee on Climate
Change. Solid plans must be made if petrol and diesel cars are to be banned by
2040, and more trees will need to be planted. There are also significant risks
attached to the Hinkley C project. The government published its Clean Growth
Strategy last October. A number of pledges are made with little or no detail on
how they would be delivered. Making all homes energy efficient by 2035, for
example. The chair, Lord Deben (John Selwyn Gummer) said if the bonus paid to
Persimmon’s chief executive had been used on the 18,000 houses it built last
year it could have saved everybody electricity bills.
The CCC also
argues for more carbon capture and storage: CCS is essential (to save costs...)
– George Osborne cancelled a £1bn programme in 2015. Since then only £100m has
been pledged for it. Oil and gas companies need to get working on it.
How was the
government going to drive up sales of electric cars? At current rates of tree
planting it would take a century to plant the 70,000 hectares of trees promised
for 2025.
Coral Reefs see also plastics.
17th
Jan 2018: BP has had to make another payout of $1.7bn for the Deepwater Horizon
disaster. The total compensation is likely to be $65bn (£47bn). The total for
2017 is $3bn (it expected only $2bn). Eight years after the disaster, BP has
processed nearly all the 390,000 claims made under the court-supervised
settlement, and hopes to complete the process in coming months.
The spill,
at the Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico killed 11 people and affected fishing
and tourism.
19th
March 2018, Adam Vaughan: the Green Alliance says 2040 is too far off for the
ban on new petrol/diesel cars, and propose 2030. This would cut the gap in
meeting the UK target by 85%, or 98m tonnes of CO2. It would save up to £6.63bn
a year in oil imports.
This would
also boost sales of electric cars, and the UK could even become a net exporter.
A fifth of the electric cars sold in Europe in 2016 were manufactured at
Nissan’s Sunderland plant.
BMW will
make its electric Mini at Oxford, but Jaguar land Rover production will go to
Austria.
In 2016,
transport overtook energy as the single biggest source of CO2 emissions in the
UK (due to changes in power stations) – but the taste for bigger cars has meant
that emissions from the average new car rose...
23rd Jan
2018. Adam Vaughan: Provided divers shift charging to off- peak times, the grid
will be able to cope. Aurora Energy Research predicts growth of electric cars
from about 120,000 today, to 10m by 2035, and then over 17m by 2040. Tariffs
need to be offered to get drivers to use ‘smart’ charging (e.g. not on
returning from work!). 0.5GW of peak demand would be added, which is not
significant. Taking advantage of cheaper charging times could halve the
driver’s electricity bill, at £110 a year (as against £280 for charging at peak
times).
Energy: 17th
July 2018 - the shift to renewables has slowed down, declining by 7% in 2017
(to $318bn), while oil and gas production investment went up by 4% (helped by
rising prices). Adam Vaughan:
Environmental Performance Indicators: link: https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-country-report/USA
Revelations
from Unearthed: small group of millionaires control large part of fishing
industry: https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2018/10/11/fishing-quota-uk-defra-michael-gove/
I’m worried
by the pro-Brexit anger of our fishermen, and I’m not sure what the best view
is of the common fisheries policy etc, but here is a charity/NGO that seems to
me to have the best line: http://www.bluemarinefoundation.com/about/what-we-do/
Forests: frightening piece by Simon Jenkins Guardian 27th
April 2018:
Forestry
Commission has a partnership with a commercial body Forest Holidays, which has
been allowed to build chalets in Mortimer Forest outside Ludlow. The agreement
allows the company to expand as much as it wishes, and there are clauses which
stop publicity. The chalets are very expensive to rent, and part of the profit
goes to the Forestry Commission.
And Network
Rail is cutting down up to 10million trees alongside railway lines... during
the nesting season!
Fossil Fuel Divestment:
22nd Jan 2018: Lloyds of London
plans to stop investing in coal companies. Insurance is one of the industries
worst affected by hurricanes, wildfires and flooding in recent years. Lloyds
offers a marketplace for almost 90 syndicates of other insurers (it doesn’t
underwrite operations directly). Big insurance companies have moved £15bn away
from coal in the past two years, says the Unfriend Coal network (NGOs,
Greenpeace, 380.org). AXA has dropped companies with at least 30% coal, and
Church of England uses 10% as criterion. Analysis by ClimateWise shows that the
‘protection gap’ – the difference between the costs of natural disasters and
the amount insured had quadrupled to $100bn a year since the 1980s.
1st Feb
2018, letter from David Smythe Emeritus prof of geophysics, Univ of Glasgow: Ken Cronin
(Letters, 17
January), of the UK onshore fossil fuel trade body, responds to your editorial
on fracking(10 January) by claiming that imported natural gas has “higher
[environmental] emissions” than the gas “beneath our feet”. This claim is akin
to the 40-a-day smoker with lung cancer telling their doctor that only the last
two or three cigarettes of the day do the damage, and promising to stick to 37
a day. There is a global gas glut. The UK is well supplied by imports from
stable countries, the price of which is predicted to remain low and stable for
years to come. So no additional bridging supply is needed while the 23m UK
households that depend on gas are weaned off their fossil fuel addiction over
the next one or two decades.
The UK shale basins are far more complex geologically than in
the US, and a fully fledged drilling industry will need to be developed from
scratch – Lancashire is not Texas. This will require several billion pounds of
capital investment, the training of several thousand technicians and engineers,
and will take at least a decade to create. UK shale gas will probably cost
around double that of US gas. The Committee on Climate Change report only sanctioned
shale gas development on condition, among others, that indigenous gas replaces
imports and does not add to it. Mr Cronin should tell us whether he favours a
tariff on gas imports, an import ban or else a subsidy, to make UK shale gas
competitive.
26th
Jan 2018, Adam Vaughan: extra hurdle for fracking as Greg Clark, business
secretary, says an application by Third Energy to begin fracking until it had
completed a financial resilience assessment, which would include being able to
clean up the site afterwards. The company has already met delays because its
accounts were not in order. It has overdue accounts for the period ending 31st
December 2016 (due last September). There are 13 other technical tests the
company has to pass as well. Cuadrilla and Ineos will now have to go through
these financial checks as well. Third Energy wants to start fracking at Kirby
Misperton. John Dewar resigned as director this week, and the company’s acting
chief executive Keith Cochrane was a director of Carillion which went into
liquidation January 20128.
19th
July 2018, Ashifa Kassam, Toronto (Guardian): Hundreds of glaciers in Canada’s
high Arctic are shrinking – using satellite imagery in new research 1,700
glaciers on Ellesmere Island were examined. Journal of Glaciology last month
showed they had shrunk about 650 sq miles over 16 years – i.e. a loss of about
6%. A previous study showed slower rate of loss. Average temperature in
Ellesmere Island rose by 3.6C between 1948 and 2016. Between 1995 and 2016
there was a ‘sudden increase in warming’ with temperatures rising about 0.78C
per decade.
The global impacts of
rising temperatures—including more hurricanes, sea-level rise and drought—will
probably sound familiar. But a temperature change of just a couple of degrees
can also have dramatic effects locally. Studies have shown that a single-degree
rise in temperature can increase local levels of air pollution, allow disease-carrying ticks to
expand into an area, cause the local extinction of
native species and even cause enough heat stress to increase rates of mental illness.
(Ecowatch Sep 2018)
Category 6 superstorms –highest category now is
5, but now there is from 5% - 8% more water vapour in the atmosphere than a
generation ago, and warmer global temperatures and warmer oceans, and dry
conditions in the parts of the world where superstorms originate means it is
only a matter of time before one hits the US. Jeff Nesbit, Guardian 17th
Sep 2018. Author of ‘This is the Way the World Ends’ (pub 25th Sep.)
Unearthed
reveals lobbying by farmers is funded by ‘Red Flag Consulting’
https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2018/10/17/monsanto-red-flag-glyphosate-roundup-eu/
GM: Nov 2018 worrying article on GM potatoes:
Hydrogen cars: Jan 20th Oliver
Franklin-Wallis: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/20/hydrogen-cars-hugo-spowers-future
Kenya, 15th Feb, Jonathan Watts: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/14/kenyas-erin-brockovich-defies-harassment-to-bring-anti-pollution-case-to-courts problem of lead pollution from a
metal plant – the Center for Justice, Governance, and Environmental Action has
forced closure of the plant in Mombasa, and is now seeking compensation and a
clean-up. This could be a landmark case for environmental groups across Africa.
Led by Phyllis Omido who was co-winner of the Goldman environmental prize in
2015 with Berta Caceres, a Honduran activist who was murdered a year later. The
EPZ refinery was closed, and two other companies are being pursued in a class
action.
NETs - Negative Emissions Technology:
28th
Jan 2018, Observer, Robin McKie: (link to follow...) talks of a project set up
by Climeworks, which extracts (only) 900 tonnes of CO2 a year from the
atmosphere, and uses it in greenhouses to help grow plants.
There will
be a report this week from Natural Environment Research Council on techniques
for removing CO2 from the atmosphere. These include burying biomass and burying
the CO2 that results, adding fertilizers to the sea to boost the growth of
carbon-absorbing blooms, crushing and spreading rocks over fields and beaches (‘enhanced
weathering’), and planting new forests.
But ocean
fertilisation could create too many algae, and increase acidification; ‘beccs’
(biomass energy with carbon capture) would require vast amounts of trees at a
time when we need more land for food – and CCS is as yet underdeveloped;
enhanced weathering would require large amounts of power to crush and transport
the rocks.
Other
(myself included!) argue that developing negative emissions technology would be
used as a pretext so that ‘we’ could go on burning fossil fuel. The problem is
urgent, and such explorations remove the incentive to get to the bottom of it,
viz, cutting emissions!
1st
Feb 2018 (Damian Carrington and others): A report from Southampton University
says that methods of sucking CO2 from the atmosphere would not work on a large
enough scale to help beat global warming. The IPCC had included this method as
a way of meeting the Paris targets. It calculated that about 12bn tonnes of CO2
a year would need to be captured and stored after 2050 – about a third of all
emissions today. John Shepherd, an author of the report says there is no silver
bullet. ‘NETs are very interesting but they are not an alternative to deep and
rapid emissions reduction. These remain the safest and most reliable options.’
NETs include tree planting, but this raises the problem of having enough land
to grow the food needed for a growing world population.
Letter 5th
April 2018 from Prof Andy Sterling and Dr Phil Johnstone, SPRU, University of
Sussex, challenging Mike Clancy of UK Nuclear Industry Council: why do they,
and unions generally, support nuclear and not renewables. SPRU have reported on
the way the civil nuclear power industry supports nuclear submarines – despite
this not being economic.
See: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/newsandevents/2016/publications/submarines
Plans for a new nuclear power station on Anglesey
have been delayed because of concerns about the effect of the large-scale
building etc on rare sea birds, especially the tern – sandwich, arctic and
common terns are protected under the EU habitats and birds directive. About a
fifth of the UK’s sandwich terns live nearby. (Adam Vaughan 10th
April 2018). The proposal is for a twin reactor to replace the former magnox
one at Wylfa. To be built by Horizon Nuclear power, a subsidiary of Hitachi the
power station will generate 3GW – enough for 7% of the UK’s electricity. The
power station has already cost £2bn – and £1m is being spent every day on it.
It is likely the concerns about the birds will only delay and not prevent
construction.
Amazing
article by Adam Vaughan, 22nd Jan (posted on Twitter) describing the
lengths that are being gone to, in order to
bury highly radioactive waste safely – for ‘hundreds of thousands of
years’. Waste mixed with resins, in steel containers, forms insoluble blocks;
these placed inside copper and steel sarcophagus; deep underground would be
tombs of buffer materials to soak up radiation and minimise water seepage,
around each container; this all buried hundreds of metre down under rock, and
storage tunnels filled with concrete...
Philosophy:
Timothy Morton:
Being Ecological.
(1) Review by
PD Smith:
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/20/being-ecological-timothy-morton-review - calls for a
paradigm shift in our relation to the world, saying it is counterproductive to
deluge readers with scary facts about global warming – it’s ‘guilt-inducing’…
Our scientific age is characterized by an epistemological gulf between objects
and data. Critical of a scientistic approach - the world can be grasped only by
moving to a viewpoint that is experiential and reflexive. ‘being ecological
includes a sense of my weird inclusion in what I’m experiencing.’
(2) And from
another book (Humankind) reviewed by Stuart Jeffries; our thinking became
binary (especially when we developed agriculture) and this led to ‘a Severing.’
‘Our task is to become haunted beings again, possessed by a
spectral sense of our connectedness to everything on this planet.’ He adheres to ‘object-oriented ontology, the
argument that nothing has privileged status’.(*) We must learn to have
solidarity with non-humans – but how? One way, Morton suggests, is to abandon
the anthropocentric idea that thinking is the leading communication mode.
“Brushing against, licking or irradiating are access modes as valid (or as
invalid) as thinking,” he writes. He draws on Buddhism, and anarchism
(especially Kropotkin). He writes of the
importance of ‘kindness’ (though it seems more like the co-operation of ants
etc which is instinctive rather than an ethical position).
(*) object-oriented
ontology, or OOO, which holds that every being, including
humans, can only ever grasp the world in its own limited ways. (In other words,
we will never know what flies know, and vice versa).
(3) An earlier
book was ‘Dark Ecology’ and perhaps his ‘most discussed book’: ‘Ecology
Without Nature’…
See an earlier article on Morton, dealing especially with anthropocentrism:
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/15/timothy-morton-anthropocene-philosopher by Alex
Blasdel
The
Anthropocene idea is generally attributed to the Nobel prize-winning
atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen and the biologist Eugene Stoermer, who started
popularising the term in 2000. Crutzen set out the idea in Nature in 2002.
In the
Anthropocene, Morton says, we must wake up to the fact that we never stood
apart from or controlled the non-human things on the planet, but have always
been thoroughly bound up with them. We can’t even burn, throw or flush things
away without them coming back to us in some form, such as harmful pollution.
Our most cherished ideas about nature and the environment – that they are
separate from us, and relatively stable – have been destroyed.
The
chief reason that we are waking up to our entanglement with the world we have
been destroying, Morton says, is our encounter with the reality of hyperobjects
– the term he coined to describe things such as ecosystems and black holes,
which are “massively distributed in time and space” compared to individual
humans. Hyperobjects might not seem to be objects in the way that, say,
billiard balls are, but they are equally real, and we are now bumping up
against them consciously for the first time. Global warming might have first
appeared to us as a bit of funny local weather, then as a series of independent
manifestations (an unusually torrential flood here, a deadly heatwave there),
but now we see it as a unified phenomenon, of which extreme weather events and
the disruption of the old seasons are only elements.
See another book of his:
Hyperobjects… hyperobjects,
in their unwieldy enormity, alert us to the absolute boundaries of science, and
therefore the limits of human mastery. Science can only take us so far. This
means changing our relationship with the other entities in the universe –
whether animal, vegetable or mineral – from one of exploitation through science
to one of solidarity in ignorance… we can’t transcend our limitations or our
reliance on other beings. We can only live with them.
If we
give up the delusion of controlling everything around us, we might refocus
ourselves on the pleasure we take in other beings and life itself. Enjoyment,
Morton believes, might be the thing that turns us on to a new kind of politics.
“You think ecologically tuned life means being all efficient and pure,” the
tweet pinned to the top of his Twitter timeline reads.
“Wrong. It means you can have a disco in every room of your house.”
“Don’t
hide under a rock, for heaven’s sake,” Morton had said to me at one point. “Go
out in the street and start making any and as many kinds of political
affiliations with as many kinds of beings, human or otherwise, that you
possibly can, with a view to creating a more non-violent and just, for everybody,
ecological world.”
Critics
say he doesn’t understand contemporary science (and is mis-using ideas from
quantum physics etc – not the only one?), that his philosophy wouldn’t be taken
seriously in an academic context (is that a criticism?!), or from the left that
he talks about ‘humans’ damaging the planet, while the main problem is with the
wealthy white western capitalists (there’s a point!).
And:
His PhD thesis, which is recognised as an important contribution to the study
of Romanticism, showed that the vegetarianism of Percy and Mary Shelley was
intimately entwined with their politics and art.
Plastics & coral reefs:
26th
January 2018. Damian Carrington. Plastic has been found to cause disease in
coral reefs. 89% of the corals examined that were fouled by plastic were found
to be diseased. Scientists examined 125,000 corals across the Asia-Pacific
region. At least 8 million tonnes of plastic are dumped in the ocean every
year. Corals are not only home to a diverse range of life, but they are vital
for at least 275 million people who depend on them for food, coastal protection
from storms, and income from tourism. Plastic was found on a third of the reefs
examined between 2011 and 2014. They did not assess microplastics... Diseases
found include: skeletal eroding band disease, white syndromes and black band
disease. These diseases spread across a colony once there is infection. Plastic
cuts the living creatures in the coral, and blocks out sunlight. Plastic
pollution is estimated as likely to increase to 16bn pieces by 2025 (an
increase of 40%) unless action is taken. Repeated bleaching is now the ‘new
normal’ according to Prof Terry Hughes of James Cook University’s centre for
coral reef studies.
Population growth – Paul Ehrlich strikes again! https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/22/collapse-civilisation-near-certain-decades-population-bomb-paul-ehrlich - ‘perpetual growth is the creed of
the cancer cell’ – to start with we must: ‘make modern contraception and back-up abortion available to
all and give women full equal rights, pay and opportunities with men.’
This will take a long time to reduce the world’s population, which he estimates
should be 1.5 – 2 billion, or 5.6 billion fewer than at present...
However, a
letter 28th March, from Prof. John MacInnes argues Ehrlich’s views
are ‘discredited’ – ‘the birth rate in the developing world is now lower than
it was in rich countries a few decades ago. ... the carrying capacity of our
planet ... is almost certainly well above the likely peak of population that
will be reached in the second half of this century. Reducing the vast global
inequalities in energy consumption will do far more for the environment than
the ultimately racist idea that the poor have too many children.’
Scottish
Power to give up fossil fuels: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-45873785 and to use 100% wind power
James
Tapper, 24th June 2018. Community Energy England in its 2018 report
says that the number of people getting electricity off-grid is not increasing
any more. Cuts to subsidies for solar panels and a ‘hostile planning approach’
are behind the decline in interest. Grassroots schemes can cut bills
considerably, but are risky to set up – nearly 30% of community energy groups
saw some of their schemes fail last year. Fossil fuel subsidies are more than
30 times higher than the green energy subsidies which were pegged at £100m by
2019. Community energy groups were growing by 30 a year until 2015, but last
year only one was formed. There are 228, serving 48,000 members. Barnsley has a
scheme which helps people at risk of fuel poverty, has installed batteries and
solar panels. One customer’s bill dropped from £350 to £185.
Adam Vaughan,
Guardian 28th Feb 2018. There has been a ‘solar rush’ as prices have
gone down by 86% from 2009 – 2017. From 100MW in 1992 there is now (2016) 300GW
across the world. At one point last summer solar provided more power in Britain
than nuclear... A new crystal may mean another breakthrough: perovskite, which
is abundant in the earth’s crust, can improve the efficiency of PV cells. It
captures the energy from a different part of the spectrum to silicon, so a
layer could be put on top and would add 20% more power. It is light, so can be
used for windows. It doesn’t need heating to high temperatures to process
(silicon needs 1,000C). Saule Technologies and Oxford PV are working on it as
there is more to be done before it is usable.
Network Rail and tree-felling (from
Change.org petition).
http://www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/2013/biomass-faq-2/
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/dec/31/biomass-burning-misguided-say-climate-experts
[1] http://www.stobartgroup.co.uk/stobart-group/stobart-energy
[2]
https://theenergyst.com/stobart-track-deliver-2-million-tonnes-biomass-per-year/
[3] Biofuel/Biomass – Stobartrailhttp://www.stobartrail.com/item/network-rail-s-vegetation-management-specialists-2
Network Rail 5G - 'Ministers now looking at “future proofing”
rail connectivity to help pave the way for a 5G rollout'.https://www.gov.uk/government/news/better-mobile-and-wi-fi-connectivity-for-rail-passengers
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/25/for-the-chop-the-battle-to-save-sheffields-trees
War and its impact on the
environment:
1st
Nov 2018, Michael McCarthy, author of The Moth Snowstorm – Nature and Joy:
damage to nature is usually a secondary consideration – except for agent orange
spread on 12,000 sq miles of forest in the Vietnam war, or the mass oil
pollution from the Sea Island terminal in Kuwait during the Gulf war 1991. In
the second world war 60 million people or 3% of the world population (2.3
billion at the time) died... but the amount of shipping sunk in the battle of
the Atlantic was the equivalent of about 250 Brent Spar oil rigs (Greenpeace
forced Shell not to sink it but move it for breaking up). Professor Tim
Birkenhead of Sheffield University, in the journal British Birds, suggests the
war badly affected breeding of guillemots on Skomer Island off the west coast
of Wales. He estimates there were 100,000 individuals in 1934, but only 4,856
in 1963, a reduction of 95%. Now the numbers have gone up to 23,746. The worst
decline was between 1940 and 1946, and oil pollution is the most likely cause.
The ocean is far less resilient than we have thought.
Fires are
burning on the moors near Manchester, and hundreds of fire-fighters are trying
to deal with them. Experts are warning that more fires are likely in future as
the climate warms. Guillermo Rein, prof of fire science at Imperial College
says fires will be more frequent and more severe, especially in northern
Europe, including the UK and Ireland. Dr Richard Payne of Uni of York agrees,
and warns that such fires will exacerbate climate change as peat stores masses
of CO2.
Prof Susan
Page of Uni of Leicester says the peat fires release toxic chemicals and small
particulates with long-term health implications, especially for children.
(Matthew Taylor).
Wind power:
Jan 22nd
2018: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/22/fears-for-future-of-uk-onshore-wind-power-despite-record-growth
Observer
Business leader, 29th April 2018:
The UK went
without coal for three days this week, and it was wind turbines that kept the
lights on. Public support for offshore
windfarms is 83%, onshore: 76%, solar: 87%. There are subsidies for offshore,
but no support for onshore and solar. Energy minister is Claire Perry, and she
says she will ‘look at’ more onshore windfarms in Scotland and Wales. UK is
leading – GE will test its new 12MW turbine here (the world’s most powerful).
Onshore windfarms are significantly cheaper, and they could be built without
consumers paying any subsidy and for the same price as new gas power
plants. They can also be built quickly
(unlike nuclear!).
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/08/wolves-scotland-reintroduction-lister-alladale